Coraline Essy Essay

In response to the school board’s request for student feedback, I am writing to express my opinion about which should be used to teach about the Fantasy genre, Coraline the book or Coraline the movie. In my opinion, I believe that Coraline the movie should be used in schools to teach the Fantasy genre. This is because the sounds, animations, and new characters all show more elements and examples of the Fantasy genre than in the book. By the time you finish reading this, you will surely end up being persuaded that Coraline the movie has more elements and examples of Fantasy than in the book. The first detail that makes Coraline the movie have more elements of Fantasy is animation. The animations in the movie were cartoon people, which means the characters don’t necessarily have to do things real people can do. Another element of animation that makes the movie more fantastical is that you can see exactly what the character is doing but in the book it is Just your imagination. Also, in the movie, special effects can be added to make the scenes look more fantastical. Overall, the animations from the movie show more elements of fantasy than in the book. Secondly, the new and different characters in the movie make Coraline the movie have more elements of fantasy than the book. In the movie, the â€Å"other mother† turns the â€Å"other dad† into a pumpkin instead of a blob. This is more fantastical because pumpkins are plants and the fact that a pumpkin is alive and speaks is very fantastical. The second example of new and different characters is Wybie Lovat. He is a new character that is in the movie but not the book. He adds more fantasy because he finds a doll that looks Just like Coraline and gives it to her. The new and different haracters is the second detail that makes Coraline the movie have more elements of Fantasy. The third detail that makes Coraline the movie have more elements of Fantasy is sound. The sound from the movie can let you hear the characters tone of voice while speaking which lets you know if what they are saying sounds fantastical. The second thing is that you can hear background sounds and noise. This adds to Fantasy because it lets you hear strange sounds in the background that make it more fantastical. The third thing is that in the movie you can hear how loud the character is speaking. This can let you know how the character feels which adds on to the fantastical elements. I have now expressed my opinion on which to use to teach the Fantasy genre. Coraline the movie has many elements and examples of Fantasy. Coraline the movie should be used in schools to teach the Fantasy genre because the sounds, animations, and new or different characters all show more elements and examples of the Fantasy genre than in the book. Now that you have taken a look at many examples and elements of Fantasy in the movie, I hope that you consider using Coraline the movie to teach Fantasy in schools.

Macroeconomic Performance of the Ten Countries Essay

What was Expected from the Governments and Central Banks of These New Entrants? On May 1, 2004, ten Central European and Mediterranean countries joined the EU and their names are as follows: Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, and Slovakia.   This raised the enlargement to 25 countries that comprise of 450 million people, which is more than the population of the U.S. and Japan combined. [1] This accession will compel the new member states governments to utilize the EU legislation without much exception and will enable them to enjoy all the advantages that go with it, and once they go through a certain period and show improvements, they will be included in Schengen area and the euro zone. In addition, from the year 2004 to 2006 they are entitled to receive a payment of 45 billion euros in a form of a community aid and 30.7 billion euros in a form of payment appropriations.   As a result, according to two treaties that were signed in Amsterdam and Nice that were the basis through which the enlargement was conducted, the intent of the whole arrangement was to make the enlarged Europe more democratic, transparent, and effective calling on all governments to work on these areas. The end result of the enlargement had been labeled as a historical precedence that will change the dimensions of the continent and it is believed to put the division of the past behind ushering in democracy, freedom, and stability to the whole region.   At the same time it is believed that it creates opportunities for all involved where the early 15 nations business share and economical activity had increased, while the new entrants have also reaped economic advantage that was not available for them before the assesstion. What had come into existence is a union of 450 million people and had already represented at the time the union was effected one-fourth of the world wealth, giving the region a new leading economic power.   In addition, the role the continent is playing in the international scene had gotten enhancement, especially in security and defense policy. [2] The new states and their governments that are joining the Union will have to adhere to the Copenhagen Criteria and it has three components.   The first component is any of the nations that are joining the union should reach a certain level of stability and should have establishments that oversee and guarantee democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and the observing of the rights of minorities.   Then the second one which is an economic criteria stipulates that the nations adhere to the principle of the market economy and have a mechanism that enables them to deal with competitive pressure and market forces that will be directed at them after joining the EU. What is called acquis communautaire adoption criterion anticipates that the candidates should put themselves in a position to shoulder the membership’s obligations, as well as a strict adherence to the principles of the political, economic, and monetary union.   Through all this process the Union is responsible for evaluating, recommending, and approving of the states’ performance and it will evaluate the capacity of the Union to absorb more members without affecting the normal functioning of the existing Union members. The process starts when European countries apply to join the Union and that will be evaluated based on how the applicant nations with the guidance of their respective governments meet the Copenhagen political and economic criteria, and the accession is granted only when the requirements are met.   The nations through their governments will have to agree to apply the EU legislation that is over 80,000 pages from day one, even if there are a few exceptions that will allow the new entrants a leeway as long as it is not going to intervene with the smooth operation of the activities of the other members.   When the EU is convinced that the applying nations meet all the requirements of the Copenhagen criteria the next phase will kick in, which is the signing of the accession treaty. [3] The ten Central European and Mediterranean states, through macroeconomic plans that were introduced and carried out by their respective governments had gone through this process before getting permission to join the Union.   And once they joined the Union there are more questions arising because it is difficult to say what currency they should be using and as long as they meet the Maastricht criteria they are expected to the join the euro zone by abandoning their own currency. Here the various central banks play a leading role because it is known that it will take them some time to meet the requirements and while working to meet the requirements they will have to focus on their structural and economic reforms so that they will manage to have a better convergence in both nominal and real terms.   Since the other requirement before joining the euro is entering the Exchange Rate Mechanism of the European Monetary System, the ERM II will require them to abandon their own monetary policy. It does not necessarily mean this route fits everyone since the rigorous stability requirement applied by the exchange rate could derail the existing stand of their current account, simply because when there is appreciation in their currency it will affect their competitiveness, because of the high price they will be forced to charge.   The other worry is joining the ERM II should not result in overvaluing their currency whereby they will be obligated to devalue their currency in the two years test period.   From what had been witnessed most of the nations had an open economy that was heavily reliant on trade with EU countries and if they can eliminate the transaction cost in any way, which would include currency exchange, they will embrace it. [4] The final outcome was from the ten countries that joined the Union Slovenia, Lithuania, and Estonia were able to enter the ERM II and were expected to join the euro zone on January 1st, 2007, simply because they had met most of the criteria. But the only nation that managed to join the euro was Slovenia showing that the others did not meet some of the requirements, they need more time to make the adjustments, and might be able to join the euro by the year 2008. The other three nations Latvia, Cyprus, and Malta had also joined ERM II and could join the euro in 2008.   The remaining members Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland are deemed to wait longer to better meet the criteria.   [5] The Macroeconomic Policy These Nations had been Following After Joining the Union. To address this question starting from the Central European nation that just joined the euro zone in January 1, 2007 might shed light on the areas that the nation did right while the other two nations Lithuania and Estonia will have to wait at least up to 2008 to be evaluated if they would meet the requirement of the ERM II.   The nation had $17,290 per capita income in 2005, it had a population of two million people, and it was among the most successful transition economies.   The nation’s GDP per capita in 2005 was 81% of the other EU members, which must have helped it to get a high score, since it is the only nation that has such a high percentage. According to the report the prosperity of Slovenia is due to its gradual and consensual approach to reform, which has made it different from the other nine countries.  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has worked hard to attain this position although lately its competitiveness is eroding.   Another area that had lagged was foreign direct investment (FDI) due to the slower pace and the general reluctance to interact with foreign sources resulting the FDI to be 1.2% of GDP between 1997-2005.   Even if it had reached once to 7% of GDP it had gone back to .02% of GDP in 2005 and this falling behind is curtailing the advancement the nation could have attained, yet it did not prevent it from joining the euro, simply because the possibility is within reach. [6] As far as economic growth is concerned the nation has averaged 3.9% it the mentioned period and had managed to fend off macroeconomic imbalances that were commonplace with the other transitional economies and its tight fiscal and monetary policy had resulted in allowing it to have a near balanced budget with a 1.7% budget and 1.1% current deficit, another good performance that was coupled with an enhanced foreign trade. The country also had managed to bring inflation under control and it had it at a single-digit since 1996.   Another advantage the nation had was it had a strong performance where the GDP growth was at 3.9% fueled by a rise in foreign demand.   In all this, inflation was under control at 2.5% and that was attained by allowing wage to lag behind productivity growth, by making up for oil price increase by introducing excise tax, and by attaining a stable exchange rate. [7] The next nation to look at is Lithuania which was among the three nation that were slated to join the eruo in 2007,   but has not made it and looking at its performance might shade light on how it fared.   The first glaring difference between the two countries is the per capita income where in Lithuania it was $7,210 in 2005 even if the population in Slovenia was only 1.4 million, whereas the population in Lithuania is 3.4 million. Other than that the GDP growth of 7.5% was much higher and it was the fastest growing economy in the region. It also had much more to export, which included refined oil, machinery and equipment, and textile.   It is not different than the other countries that are heavily dependant on the euro zone for their exports, the average being 60%.   The other advantage it had over Slovenia was it had enjoyed a peak GDP growth of 10% in 2003 since it was in a better position to create wage growth by bringing down unemployment from 17% down to 6% and in doing that it had got help from the EU fund that it was entitled for joining the Union in 2004. At the same time, it had a much better domestic demand that is enabling it to drive its economy.   Yet, there is a sign of heating of the economy as there is shortage of workers since they are migrating to the UK and Ireland.   After joining ERM II it had shown an impressive commitment to adopt the euro and was able to liberalize its pricing and most of its trades had been directed to the EU zone.  Ã‚   The other factors such as privatization had been taken care of to the point where all factors of production are in the private hands, and it had also been working in the area of FDI that is seeing a steep increase.    If there is another aspect that is holding it back it could the unparalleled poverty level in the nation and it is at 52% purchasing power parity compared to 81% enjoyed by Slovenia.   And one of the reasons that it did not qualify might be at least 16% of its population lives under the poverty line and poverty is widespread in the rural area where it is considered to be up to 57% of the poor are living.   That area might be the reason that contributed to its being held back for a while since all the indicators including health and education are going badly lacking in these regions. [6] Estonia that was in the list to join the euro in January 1, 2007 with the other two nations is a relatively smaller country with a population of 1.35 million and its per capita income is $9,100.   This nation has fewer natural resources and it depends on trade for the most part.   Its main specialty export is telecom.   Its GDP growth performance was not bad at 7.5%. The country had been a main gateways for trade between the Soviet Union and the West that is said to have given it some advantage and because of that the education level and the standard of living of the people was higher that other member countries. In 2005 its GDP growth had reached 9.8% resulting in the heating up of the economy as the unemployment rate had gone down, while at the same time workers are migrating to the other EU countries.   What is driving its economy is the domestic demand that is expanding due to income growth and credit expansion that is also taking export higher.   If there is any problem highlighted it is the overheating of the economy and the current account defect that is at 11% of GDP in 2005 and was at 13% in 2004, which would mean this could be one of the reasons why its plan to join the euro in 2007 had been postponed. [8] The other three nations slated for 2008 to join the euro are Latvia, Cyprus, and Malta.   Latvia has a per capita income of $6,750 and has 2.3 million people where one-third of them are living in the capital city.   The nation has few natural resources and is an importer for the most part and the import includes natural gas, oil, and electricity.   The source of GDP for 2005 was 23% industry, 73% service, and the remaining 4% was from agriculture. The country had some difficulty adjusting after it left the Soviet Union and the situation was turned around by the fiscal discipline the government introduced, where a cap was put to the subsidies enterprises were getting.  Ã‚   The government’s early liberalization effort had enabled the nation to join WTO in 1999.   Overall, the nation had converted itself into a market economy, which enabled it to join the EU in 2004.  Ã‚   Market and price liberalization, privatization, restriction on foreign transaction all are in the right perspective and the result had been positive where privatization is almost complete. Other areas overhauled were the legal system, institutions, and the social safety net.  Ã‚   The GDP growth had made it to 10.2% in 2005 and the unemployment rate was at 8.7% in the same year.   Some of the malice that is affecting the other nations such as low-income level, which was at 47% of the EU average had not spared this nation either.   Because of that labor migration had been escalating after joining the Union which is feared to create a problem in the long run while at the same time the population is aging.   Because of this there is a fear of overheating and the deficit has reached 12.4% while inflation is at 6%, which has contributed to the holding back of the nation from joining the euro and that might be possible in 2010. [6] Cyprus on the other hand has a highly developed infrastructure with a population of 784,000 and with a per capita of $7135.   The macroeconomic policy of the government had focused on meeting the requirement of joining the EU.   There was oil discovery in the sea south of Cyprus and negotiations had gone underway with the neighboring Egypt how to exploit the finding. The overall market structure is based on a free-market basis and is heavily dependant on the service sector, yet there is lack of investment from government and private sector, while at the same time the high cost of freight had been scaring business away, and all this had been worsened by the lack of skilled labor.   In spite of this handicap, the GDP growth rate had made it to 11.4 in 2004 and yet it is lagging behind in attracting FDI.   Even if there is a political problem between the north and south, this particular nation might be among the nations that would join the EU in 2008. [9] Malta is also another island with a population of 404,000, which had transformed itself into a freight transshipment and a financial center as well as a tourist destination.   In addition, it has some limestone and a better productive labor force than Cyprus where the economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing, and tourism.   Its per capita income is much higher than most countries at $20,300 and the unemployment rate for 2006 was at 6.8%.   The island has liberalized its market and privatized some government-controlled firms and the possibility that it might join the euro zone is there. [9] The other nations Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland, are much bigger nations and there is Slovakia also that are slated to join the euro gradually after meeting the criteria, which might prove to be difficult to them because of their size.   If we take the case of the Czech Republic, it has a population of 10.2 million and a per capita income of $11,110 making it among the highest income earning countries.   After joining the EU in 2004 the process of transforming the economy from centrally planned to a market driven economy is almost complete.   There had been a considerable fiscal consolidation, and the inflation is low at 1.8%, while at the same time it had no problem with its balance of payments. Foreign direct investment is 50% of the GDP making it the only nation that enjoys such inflows of investment, yet, in spite of it, it had a high unemployment rate of more than 8% and is persisting, which might have been because of its high population that is not affected much by the migration of labor. The GDP growth for 2005 was 6%, attained mainly through export created through FDI in the automotive sector.   The fiscal deficit for 2005 was at 3% whereas the current account deficit fell to 2.3% for 2005.   Because of the high unemployment, which is the outcome of sluggish economic performance it might have to stay a bit longer before joining the euro, although the expectation is it will meet the requirement eventually. [10] More or less, the same is applicable to the other three countries Hungary, Poland, Slovakia whose population is 10 million, 38 million, 5.4 million respectively, making Poland the highest populated country among the EU-10 countries.   While Hungry had $10,050 per capita income, Poland had $7,110, and Slovakia had $8,130 in 2005.   Poland had to deal with structural reforms to consolidate public finance, tackle unemployment and poverty, work on making the nation attractive for business by introducing a more efficient government. The fact that up to seven million people live in poverty does not make it look as a good candidate for the euro yet and the unemployment rate is the highest at 16%.   However, the situation is a bit changing after joining the EU in 2004 and there was a growth of 5.3% in GDP in 2004, which created high consumption level, investment opportunity, and a better exporting level, and eventually it will make it a proper candidate to join the euro as it is working to meet that goal.   Its FDI is at 5% of GDP and that is low for such a large country although its inflation rate is low at 2.1% and its current account defect is also under control. [6] On the other hand, Hungary is in a much better position since it was able to attract FDI that is enabling it to build a robust private exporting sector.   If there is a problem, the budget deficit is at 8% due to higher public spending and tax reduction, which could affect the economy in the long run.   Inflation had slowed down to 3.5% for 2005 which was due to regulated prices and a decrease on indirect taxes. The unemployment rate stood at 7.2% in 2006.   Even if the government had introduced a fiscal consolidation program what might be needed to change the situation is a long term structural reform.   Hungary is moving steadily to join the euro gradually, and is better situated than the rest of the countries that are in line to join the euro in the coming years. [6] Slovakia is also in a similar situation with the others where it had a 6% GDP growth in 2005 and had unemployment rate of 16.2%.   In recent years, especially after joining the EU in 2004 it had undertaken major steps to decentralize its economy.   The government had introduced reform in many areas including welfare, pension, health care, labor market, and public finance.   Its GDP for 2005 grew by around 6% and inflation was at 2.7%. The fiscal deficit was at 3.3% while the current account deficit had been 7.8% of GDP for 2005 and it had FDI rate 2.7% of GDP.   Overall, it is working toward meeting the EU’s criteria to join the euro although it is difficult to say when it will meet all the requirements. [6] The conclusion is, there are requirements these nations will have to meet and the major ones are to tackle high level of inflation, a budget deficit below 3% of GDP, the public debt has to be at a manageable level, and maintaining a long term low interest rate in parallel to other central banks. If these are in place side by the side with the Maastricht and the Copenhagen Treaty criteria the time it will take them to join the euro will be shorter. Otherwise, their participation could affect the smooth operation of the whole Union, as well as it will put them at a disadvantage offsetting their whole fiscal and monetary policy. [11] REFERENCE The Union Welcomes Ten New Countries [Online]. Available:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.delnam.cec.eu.int/OurNewsletter/2004/ECNewsMay04.pdf.   March 14, 2007. European Parliament Fact Sheet. [Online]. Available:   Ã‚  Ã‚   www.europal.europa.eu/facts/2_3_0_en.htm.   March 14, 2007. The Challenge of European Economy in 2004. [Online]. Available:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.ecb.int/press/key/date/2004/html/sp040129.en.html.   March 14, 2007. Euro in a Wider Circle. [Online]. Available:   Ã‚  Ã‚   www.ece.int/press/key/date/2004/html/sp041119.en.html.   March 14, 2007. Redefining Europe. [Online]. Available:   Ã‚   www.inter-dicpilanry.net/AUD/AUD2/s10.htm.   March 14, 2007. World Bank. [Online]. Available:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.worldbank.com (countries).   March 14, 2007. ECB Panel Intervention at the Euro Conference. [Online]. Available:   Ã‚  Ã‚   www.ecb.int/press/date/2007/html/sp07115_1.en.html.   March 14, 2007. Commission Assessment of Estonia Convergence. [Online]. Available:   http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/about/activities/sgp/country/commass/ee/ass_ee20032004.   Ã‚  Ã‚   March 14, 2007. CIA The World Fact Book. [Online]. Available:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://cia.gov (countries).   March 14, 2007. Macroeconomic. [Online]. Available:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.cerge-ei.cz/pdf/books/pdf_0304/III.pdf.   March 14, 2007. The European Union and Its Expanding Economy. [Online]. Available:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://jpn.cec.eu.int.home/speech_en_speech%2009/2005.php.   March 14, 2007

Wendigo: Cannibalism in Native American Folklore

Wendigo Cannibalism in Native American Folklore Connor Downie EN156-01: Mythology Professor Quinn 30March13 Lurking in the deep woods of the Northern United States and Southern Canada lies a mysterious and fearsome Native American monster, the Wendigo. The Wendigo is by far one of the most mysterious and feared monsters in not only in the Algonquian folklore which it is attributed to, but also other indigenous populations all over the world.Although this creature goes by many names in the Native American Tribes, including Wechuge (Athapaskan Beaver), Windigo (Algonkian), Witiko (Sekani), Wittikow (Cree), Wintuc (Lenape), Wintiko (Objibwa), and others, it is represented in the folklore of many cultures. For the sake of simplicity, the term Wendigo (Woodland Cree) will be used throughout this paper. Native Americans lived in harmony with the land around them, and their legends and stories showed the necessity to preserve that harmony, and the consequences of failing to do such.The stor y and idea behind the Wendigo is no exception to this; being an â€Å"unnatural† and dysfunctional part of life. This paper will observe and analyze the role of the Wendigo in Native American legend as well as the effect that it had on, not only the Natives Americans, but those who came into contact and studied the tribes. The Wendigo According to legend, a Wendigo is neither a man nor non-human, but rather something in between.A fully transformed Wendigo is most often described as a giant creature standing between eight and thirty feet tall, possessing incredible strength and speed, large claws and a body that looks like a skeleton with ash-toned skin. However, in any stage of transformation, it is most easily identified by its ravenous and continuous hunger for human flesh (Atwood 84). A Wendigo’s hunger is believed to be so insatiable that one of first things it consumes is its own lips (Carlson 359). For Native Americans, encountering a Wendigo, whether by accident or on purpose, could e the last mistake you ever make. You cannot outrun or outwit a Wendigo; and according to most stories, you are unable to talk or plead with the creature due to the fact it has lost the capacity for human speech after a long period of isolation (Atwood 84). However, that does not mean they are intelligent. The amount of time they have spent alone in forced isolation has made them the perfect hunter. They do not pursue their victims with inchoate frenzy but rather use superior cunning and an advanced knowledge of their game's desires and weaknesses.They hunt people with the cultural strategy and intelligence that people use to hunt animals (Ridington 110). Their hunting skills are only amplified by their extreme elusiveness and ability to survive in the harshest of climates. They are the epitome of everything to be afraid of in the woods. The original Wendigos can be found in the Pawnee creation myth, as the creatures that came before the Pawnee and were destroy ed by the Creator Tirdwa. â€Å"The men of the present era were not the original inhabitants of the earth.They were preceded by another race – people of great size and strength. These were so swift of foot, and so powerful, that they could easily run down and kill the buffalo†¦ The race of giants had no respect for the Ruler. On the contrary, they derided and insulted him in every way possible. When the sun rose, or when it thundered and rained, they would defy him. They had great confidence in their own powers, and believed that they were able to cope with the Creator. As they increased in numbers they grew more defiant, and at length became so bad that Tirdwa determined to destroy them.This he attempted to do at first by shooting the lightning at them; but the bolts glanced aside from their bodies without injuring them. When he found that they could not be killed by that means, he sent a great rain, which destroyed them by drowning (Grinnell 122). According to legend, a few of these giants managed to escape the flood and the Wendigos managed to survive. As the Creator made the new species of man, the original Pawnee, these giants shrunk back into the wilderness, emerging only occasionally to feed on the unsuspecting human.There are two kinds of Wendigos, Non-Human and Human. The first human Wendigo is sometimes said to have been a man who, driven mad by hunger and snow blindness, mistook his family for a group of beavers, killed and ate them (Smith 68). Human Wendigos do not always take on the traditional described appearance unless they are exposed to the severe isolation required to drive the person mad. Most human Wendigos mostly retain their human features, and instead only experience the desire for loneliness and a craving for human flesh.Also common to stories, both in legend and those recorded by persons studying native tribes, was the belief that a person transforming into a Wendigo had lost permanent control over their own actions and t hat the only possible solution is death (Ridington 108). Many people, fearing that they would bring harm to their family, begged for death rather than face a full transformation. Human Wendigos, although powerful, can be killed by dismemberment and the burning the remains to prevent the evil spirit from ever returning to the earth (Atwood 85).In the majority of stories that result in the death of a Wendigo, that Wendigo was at one time a human. Other traditional cures involved the consumption of copious amounts of hot grease from sources such as bear fat, melted deer tallow, and sturgeon oil (Atwood 85). Non-Human Wendigos are seen as the original Wendigos that were around before the first humans. These creatures are considered to be much more powerful than their human counterparts, and were able to inhabit and attack the dreams of their victims. These creatures rarely appear in legends, but rather are blamed for the actions of a possessed person.Killing a non-human Wendigo was not easy and stories celebrated the bravery of those who acted as bait in Wendigo traps. Algonquians often had great battles and had to employ the help of shamans (Podruchny 690). It is important to note that non-human Wendigos are considered by Native Americans to be Otherworldly, and on the same degree as the spirits that inhabit the spirit world alongside the Creator. Origins and Folklore The earliest reference to Wendigo occurs as an entry in the Powhatan dictionary appended to Strachey's Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania.The original word was wintekowa, meaning â€Å"owl† in Algonquian. For many natives, especially member of the Cree Nation, Owl calls were precursors of the deaths of individuals, and thus owls were seen as the sign of a coming Wendigo. Owls, like Wendigos, are formidable predators and possess large glistening eyes, and therefore became synonymous with the same (Brightman 341). The word Wendigo itself is derived from the Cree word wihtikowiw, meaning â€Å"he eats greedily†, which may explain the reason why ost believed to be Wendigos were isolated from the community before they consumed everything the community had. Native American Tribes lived in harmony with the land and the creatures around them. All tribes believed that upsetting the natural order of the world would cause severe disarray and eventually would lead to the destruction of the world. To counter this, hunters and gatherers would take only what they needed, waste nothing, and praise the creator for allowing them to be worthy to take such.Animals were held in high regard, not only for their gifts of food, clothing, and other materials, but also for the powers endowed upon them by the creator. Eating the flesh of an animal was said to transmit to persons, under appropriate circumstances, desired attributes of the species. For example, raw moose blood is said to impart onto the hunter a kind of invisibility relative to the perceptions of game animals, thus al lowing the hunter greater luck in the successful hunting of animals due to his increased stealthy abilities (Brightman 364).Like the flesh of any other animal, human flesh was believed to possess a Great Spirit power that is acquired through consumption of the tissue or organs. Eating human flesh would exacerbate the powers already present in the human consumer; endowing the Wendigo physical and spiritual abilities to overcome and eat human prey. In essence, a human’s abilities were multiplied and would eventually cause them to expand out of control and transform the person into a Wendigo (Brightman 364).The Wendigo often appears in stories in legends, but unlike most other mythical creatures, its purpose was less to teach moral values, and more to impart upon members of a community the consequences from straying from the natural order of life and defiance of the rules of the community. There are three kinds of stories in which a Wendigo is a part of. The first kind of story, involves a Wendigo which may be presented as a manifestation of the environment; the spirit is a spirit of place. In these stories, meeting up with a Wendigo carries no more moral weight than meeting up with a bear.If you get eaten, about all that can be said of you is that you ought to have been less unlucky (Atwood 86). In the second kind of story, a Wendigo appears as a warning or as a message to the protagonist. In these stories, if you get eaten by a Wendigo, the audience doesn’t feel sorry for you, because it was your own fault for getting eaten. These stories served to send the message that if you behaved and followed the rules like you were supposed to, such a thing would never happen to you (Atwood 86).The third kind of story the Wendigo is a fragment of the protagonist's psyche, and represents part of their subconscious that is made public to teach a lesson. In these stories, human beings who have â€Å"become a Wendigo † have not actually transformed, but i n fact worried so much that the creature they have feared or dreamed about splits off from the rest of their personality, destroys it, and becomes manifested through the person’s body (Atwood 86). These were used to teach lessons in regards to gluttony, loneliness, and other behaviors seen by natives to be unnatural and destructive.Wendigo stories express the danger and isolation of living in the subarctic wilderness as well as taboos against cannibalism (Ferrara 77). The Wendigo was seen as the personification of winter, hunger, spiritual selfishness, and isolation (Atwood 85). Winter is a time of scarcity in both food and warmth, and was considered by the natives to be one of the most necessary times for a community to band together to survive the harshness. A scarcity of materials would give rise to hunger; forcing people to either share what they had with each other for the good of the group, or hoard what they had for their own sakes.The choice to hoard, and act of selfi shness, was seen as an act of defiance not only against a group, but the Creator himself. The penalty for such a choice was being ostracized and isolated from the remainder of the community, and in some cases, death. Transformation According to lore, there are four recorded ways to be transformed into a Wendigo, either human or non-human. Most methods of transformation include large amounts of stress or pain, both mental and physical, and a long transformation period that may not occur all at once.In order to become a non-human Wendigo, one must either be born a Wendigo, or be eaten by a Wendigo. Although an individual Wendigo may once have been a man or a woman, once fully transformed they no longer have any evidence of gender (Atwood 84). Because of this, there is no recorded lore of Wendigos ever giving birth to new Wendigos, other than the Pawnee origins legend in regards to Wendigos inhabiting the world before man. Because of this, most non-human Wendigos are said to be the ori ginals that have survived for hundreds of years. The other method is to be eaten by a Wendigo and have our now â€Å"evil spirit† enter the otherworld. A person suffering this fate becomes the Native equivalent of a Demon and possesses humans through dreams and thoughts. Thoughts of the Wendigo are said to drive a person mad with anxiety about becoming a Wendigo, to the point that they give in to the desires to consume other people (Ferrara 79). Native Shamans were notorious in legends for using their ability to communicate with the spirits in order to send one of these creatures into the dreams of another, thus tormenting them with the thought of being transformed.To become a human Wendigo is much worse a fate than a non-human Wendigo. To become such, a human must either consume human flesh, or be bitten by a Wendigo. The reason for the consumption of human flesh is irrelevant, as soon as it passes your lips, you fate is essentially sealed. Legends of this kind of transforma tion speak of people starving from a lack of food, who eventually give in to the desire for food and eat their companions or family members. Like the stories of the Loup Garou or French word for werewolf, a Wendigo bite served as another way for one to be transformed into one of these creatures.However, unlike werewolves, a human was unable to transform back into a human once the transformation had begun (Podruchny 681). Both being bitten and the consumption of human flesh was said to not be instantaneous but rather a lengthy process, signaled by a period of strange emotions and behaviors by the possessed person that served as a series of warnings to others (Ferrara 79). The Wendigo in Reality In 1767, Alexander Henry observed an Ojibwa man who had killed and eaten four relatives during a food crisis. Henry recorded the actions of the tribe in his journal. The Indians entertain an opinion that the man who has once made human flesh his food will never afterwards be satisfied with any other†¦ He ate with relish nothing that was given to him but, indifferent to the food prepared, fixed his eyes continually on the children which were in the Indian lodge, and frequently exclaimed, ‘How fat they are! ’†¦ Be this as it may, his behavior was considered, and not less naturally, as marked with the most alarming symptoms; and the Indians, apprehensive that he would prey on these children, resolved on putting him to death (Brightman 348). The tribe was so scared of the unnaturalness of the man’s actions that they had him killed. Not unlike the Salem Witch Trials, those suspected of being a Wendigo were given little or no chance to defend themselves. They were immediately outcast from the group and treated like they were infected with some sort of disease. In many cases, acts of cannibalism were not actually witnessed, but rather reported by the suspected individual or other persons, or didn’t even occur at all. In seventy cases reporte d, 44 involved an actual act of cannibalism.In 26 cases, or 37 percent the potential Wendigo either recovered or was killed to prevent cannibalism (Rohrl 98). Around the time of Freud, psychologists began to analyze the stories and multiple cases regarding the Wendigo. Many noted that the common link between most cases was a psychological weakness and breakdown of the normally functioning personality (Ridington 107). From these psychologists, emerged the term â€Å"Wendigo Psychosis† which was used to describe the mental state of persons suspected or convicted of being a Wendigo.People suspected of suffering from this were often described as being â€Å"Bushed† or suffering from â€Å"Cabin Fever† (Atwood 87). For most, in order to reach such a breakdown of mind required large amounts of time spent apart from others, usually in harsh or near fatal conditions. The compulsive desire and craving for human flesh that appears in many of the Wendigo cases may point to a psychotic breakdown of normal emotions, motivations, and satisfactions in people who kill or are killed as cannibal monsters.However, unlike many other psychotic breakdowns, Wendigo behavior it is believed to be genuine and real by the members of society as well as by the afflicted individual (Ridington 128). More recently however, another possible reason for the actions of those believed to be Wendigos was uncovered, a lack of proper diet. Meat, and especially fatty meat, is essential to the diet of the Eskimo and of Northern Athapaskan Indians. Researchers claimed that a fat deficiency could lead to headache, and, in four to eight weeks, ultimately death (Rohrl 100).Was the reason for the actions of some not necessarily motivated by extreme hunger, but rather a lack of proper nutrition? It has been demonstrated that a drop in the blood sugar level can lead to many psychic phenomena, including depressive states, anxiety, and â€Å"other symptoms that have been lumped together a s ‘neuroses (Rohrl 100). The accepted conclusion is that although persons suffering from Wendigo Psychosis have experienced a large amount of mental stress, the fearsome creature itself does not in fact exist.Like many other mythological creatures, the Wendigo was placed in Native American legend to explain things that the natives could not understand at the time, and to enforce the rules of the community. Psychologist Lou Marano ultimately went further in a 1982 article stating that Wendigos had never existed, at least as people overcome by cannibal desires. Instead, he adopted a functionalist interpretation (influenced by scholarship on the Salem Witch trials), arguing that the Wendigo was a phenomenon that allowed Algonquians to kill the marginal, the mentally ill, and the unpopular (Smallman 575).Works Cited Atwood, Margret. â€Å"Cannibal Lecture. † Saturday Night 110. 9 (1995): 81-90. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Brightman, Robert A. â€Å"The Windigo in the Materia l World. † Ethnohistory 35. 4 (1988): 337-79. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Carlson, Nathan D. â€Å"Reviving Witiko (Windigo): An Ethnohistory of â€Å"Cannibal Monsters† in the Athabasca District of Northern Alberta, 1878–1910. † Ethnohistory 56. 3 (2009): 355-94. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Ferrara, Nadia, and Guy Lanoue. â€Å"The Self in Northern Canadian Hunting Societies: ‘Cannibals' and Other ‘Monsters' as Agents of Healing. Anthropologica 46. 1 (2004): 69-83. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Grinnell, George Bird. â€Å"Pawnee Mythology. † Journal of American Folklore 6. 21 (1893): 113-30. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Podruchny, Carolyn. â€Å"Werewolves and Windigos: Narratives of Cannibal Monsters in French-Canadian Voyageur Oral Tradition. † Ethnohistory 51. 4 (2004): 677-700. Project Muse. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Rohrl, Vivian J. â€Å"A Nutritional Factor in Windigo Psychosis. † American Anthropologist ns 72. 1 (1970): 97-101. JS TOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Ridington, Robin. Wechuge and Windigo: A Comparison of Cannibal Belief among Boreal Forest Athapaskans and Algonkians. † Anthropologica ns 18. 2 (1976): 107-29. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Smallman, Shawn. â€Å"Spirit Beings, Mental Illness, and Murder: Fur Traders and the Windigo in Canada’s Boreal Forest, 1774 to 1935. † Ethnohistory 57. 4 (2010): 371-95. Duke Journals. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. . Smith, Theresa S. and Fiore, Jill M. â€Å"Landscape as Narrative, Narrative as Landscape. † Studies in American Indian Literatures 22. 4 (2010): 58-80. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013.

Honda Cars

Honda Cars uses in its manufacturing, the state of the art facilities that set standards in the world market (specifically in automotive industry). The company utilized a leading edge painting facility, occupies a full dip paint system based on CED (Cationic Electro Deposition) bath, to guarantee faultless coating, accurate adhesion and anti-corrosion. The cars produce mainly by Honda also guarantees customer’s satisfaction.Honda employs strict measures to produce quality cars throughout the international market. The produced (cars) are subjected to strict inspection and testing. The company tests the products at Vehicle Quality section to minimize company defects and ensure that cars performed at its crest. Upon release to the dealers, the company determines the products (head and toe, wheel) alignment at the company’s G-SWAT and headlight tester. The company tests the running performance (optimum speed), clutch, breaks, and shifting levels at Brake Speed Tester. Other tests consist of Water Leak Tests, Side Slip Test, Visual Inspection and Simulation Test. This test evaluates the performance of the products at different road condition.Sales / DistributionHonda Cars is mainly based in Japan and its branches are spread in the world market. The company in its home country produces quality and good price to Japan. Over the years, through its success, the company maintained a sole proprietor / producer of Honda cars. The company does not join other automobile companies to expand their production. The company maintained its own stlye and makes an icon in the international market. In the recent years (2000-2007, Honda cars was hammered by other big automobile companies in the world market. The company’s introduction of their products in Europe was thrashed by American and European-based car companies. But, the company is still in the line of making and produce cars in the international market.General MotorsGeneral Motors / GM was known with its production of unique interiors and bodylines. The company’s goal was, ‘To provide the finest vehicles possible to every customer in every market around the globe.’ General Motors Corporation is the world’s largest producer / seller of cars in the world market. Based in U.S.A., the company is present in 33 countries with an employment rate about 284, 000 people around the globe. In 2006, General Motors produced; â€Å"Chevrolet, GMC, GM Daewoo, Saab, Saturn and Vauxhall, Buick, Cadillac, Holden, HUMMER, Opel, and Pontiac†.The company’s biggest sales in its home country (U.S.A.), proceeds by United Kingdom, Canada, China and Germany. The company made a strategy to expand its production in the world market through Minority Dealer Development. It is bilingual in nature; both the dealers and the company benefit (hefty advantage to the company). It is directed through different companies and directs in human resources (training) and dealership.Toda y, the General Motors had access throughout the globe; from country to country, cities from cities, overcoming production of sole proprietors of cars. The company sweeps away competition among other car companies and still leading the automobile industry.Sales / DistributionThe company focuses in partnership to other car companies around the globe and developed profound relationships to its customers. General Motors is the leading / major stockholder of GM Daewoo Auto and Technology Co. of South Korea and collaborates with Suzuki Motor Corp. and Isuzu Motors Ltd. of Japan. In addition, the company engaged in research and technology advancement with BMW AG (Germany), DaimlerChrysler AG and Toyota Motor Corp. (Japan). Also, the company gambles investing Renault SA of France, Shanghai Automotive Industry Corp. of China, Toyota, AVTOVAZ of Russia and Suzuki.GM Powertain under General Motors put for sale GM engines and transmissions. Parts and Accessories are retailed via GM Service and Parts Operations under Gm Performance Parts, ACDelco, and GM Good wrench. This supplies GM dealerships and distributors worldwide.Salesperson ProfileSalesperson assist customers to acquire what they need and attempt to make them interested in buying your product / merchandise. Retail salespersons are highly ‘in demand’ and competitions in this job are high. Employers do prefer college graduate in sales; college graduate people take an advantage over high school graduates.In layman’s term, a good salesperson needs to have skills in communication. He / She do not only require good education but also needs to be industrious, creative and with talent in chatting with common people (buyers). His / Her talent in making people believe in his / her products will definitely make him / her best in selling products / produced goods. Employers would definitely choose salesperson with talent rather than a common salesperson.Work CitedHonda: The Power of Dreams (2007). URLhttp ://www.hondaphil.com/ourcompany.php?id=2. Retrieved September 14, 2007.Mckay, Dawn Rosenberg. Retail Salesperson: Career Information (2007). URL https://www.thebalance.com/retail-salesperson-526064. Retrieved September 14, 2007.

Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company and Sun Cellular

1. What are the factors that contributed to URC' s success? Some of the factors that contributed URC's success are: Being innovative and aggressive frontrunner in the snack food industry. Its products can be found in virtually every household across the country, with market shares indicating that one out of every two modern snack products enjoyed by Filipino consumers is a URC offering. The secret behind URC's success is the EXCELLENT VALUE that its products provide consumers. URC products offer consumers world class quality at affordable prices.Using only state-of-the-art equipment and stringent manufacturing standards, the company is also well on its way to obtaining ISO 9002 Certification for all its plants. 2. Analyzed the growing market base in Asia. How did Gokongwei take advantage of it? Gokongwei take advantage the growing market base in Asia by producing innovative products but at the same time cheaper than the other products in the market. Gokongwei also provide goods that basically needed by the consumer. As his early life as a teen, Gokongwei learned that basic need are the best product that the demand will never cease.Also he offered fresh products that the other company didn't offer. With this strategy invading the growing Asia market is possible. 3. Based on Gokongwei words of wisdom, how can the Philippines compete globally? â€Å" I am 81 today. But I do not forget the little boy that I was in the palengke in Cebu. I still believe in family. I still want to make good. I still don’t mind going up against those older and better than me. I still believe hard work will not fail me. And I still believe in people willing to think the same way.Through the years, the market place has expanded: between cities, between countries, between continents. I want to urge you all here to think bigger. Why serve 86 million when you can sell to four billion Asians? And that’s just to start you off. Because there is still the world beyond Asia. When you go back to your offices, think of ways to sell and market your products and services to the world. Create world-class brands. You can if you really tried. I did. As a boy, I sold peanuts from my backyard. Today, I sell snacks to the world.I want to see other Filipinos do the same. † Based on Gokongweis' words of wisdom, to able for the Philippines to compete globally, we Filipino must not be afraid to take the challenge of competing against multinationals compny or bigger competitors. For us not to be aeaten by larger competitors we must make sure we came prepared with great products and great strategies. We ended up changing the rules of the game instead. 4. Are there hindrances for the Philippines inability to have it's own global branch? Explain.Yes, there’s always an opportunity everyday passes our lives but ignore them as we don’t like of doing it because of PRIDE and FEAR. it is always printed in our mind that every time we saw something different we al ways ignore them as it is not our line of profession or simply saying its against our pride or just fear of doing it. if only we have the same determination and willingness to reach our goal just like Sir Gokongwei, then we are far more successful than any other countries. i knew that this is a life changing story and i hope that we all use it.I myself has a lot to work out specially my ATTITUDE. the attitude of wasting TIME. i have a lot of goals in life but did nothing to get them until time passes by and forgot them. if only i valued my time then i’m sure i would be now a somebody person. but its not yet late. starting immediately, ill make something different for my self. something that i can be proud of someday when my hair became grey†¦ and has a story to tell to my grandchildren. ITS NEVER LATE TO BE A SUCCESSFUL PERSON, just work it out.At the end, it is only you who will reap them all. don’t mind about the failure, as they say it is always â€Å"trial an d error†, and always say it to your self † at least i tried†. but never stop from there. as from failure you will learn the best wisdom in life, and from wisdom can have the best weapon to fight the battle, and through your best weapon you will have a big chances to win. then you will have a story to tell†¦ who knows you might will become part of the business history. 5. Identify Gokongwei's entrepreneurship traits which made him successful.Gokongwei's entrepreneurship traits made him successful are: Self-determination This self-made entrepreneur is not afraid to become a second mover. He loves to offer an alternative from the number 1 company offering products and services like in telecommunications (SUN Cellular), real estate (Robinsons Land), and airline (Cebu Pacific). He doesn’t like mixing politics and business. He doesn’t like being very close to government. Because according to him, wealth that’s based purely on politics cannot be sustained. He thinks outside the envelope.Like Henry Sy Sr. and Andrew Tan, John Gokongwei Jr. thinks outside the envelope because he started his businesses from scratch. There’s no baggage and no tradition to follow. 6. Make a research on the acquisition of sun cellular by PLDT. Make your comments. PLDT buys majority stake of Sun Cellular The biggest IT story of the day is PLDT’s acquisition of Digitel which operates Sun Celluar, the 3rd largest telco player in the Philippines. PLDT, which owns Smart Comm. , becomes a much bigger operator and strengthening it’s number 1 spot in the country.The Philippine Long Distance Telephone company announced today its acquisition of Digital Telecommunications Philippines, Inc. (Digitel) from JG Summit amounting to Php74. 1 billion or 51. 55% shares in exchange of new PLDT assets worth 2,500 per share. Digitel, which owns Sun Cellular, announced that under the new leadership the paired networks will continue to the expansion of broadband rollout and other next generation technologies in both fixed and wired services. PLDT says Sun Cellular will remain a separate entity and retain the brand.Smart already surpassed 45 million subscribers in 2010 while Sun Cellular, which has over 16 million subs, was already inching closer to Globe Telecom (26. 5 million). Smart’s rapid growth and expansion requires more wider frequency and that might have prompted the Sun Cellular buy-out. At the same time, Sun Cellular has become a large player in terms of post-paid subscribers (even the first one to reach 1 million). Meanwhile, Smart has only around 500k postpaid subscribers while Globe has around 900k.From having 3 large celco players, we now have just 2 — Smart at far #1 and Globe at a minority #2. COMMENT: This strategy that PLDT done is what we called Globalization, since the market for networks are now vast where there are various networks competing with each other,companies now have to buy another network. To maintain quality and competitive pricing, PLDT have redesigned their organizational structures and strategically buy the competing netwoork such as Sun cellular to lessen the competitors in the industry. Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company and Sun Cellular 1. What are the factors that contributed to URC' s success?Some of the factors that contributed URC's success are:Being innovative and aggressive frontrunner in the snack food industry. Its products can be found in virtually every household across the country, with market shares indicating that one out of every two modern snack products enjoyed by Filipino consumers is a URC offering. The secret behind URC's success is the EXCELLENT VALUE that its products provide consumers. URC products offer consumers world class quality at affordable prices. Using only state-of-the-art equipment and stringent manufacturing standards, the company is also well on its way to obtaining ISO 9002 Certification for all its plants.2. Analyzed the growing market base in Asia. How did Gokongwei take advantage of it?Gokongwei take advantage the growing market base in Asia by producing innovative products but at the same time cheaper than the other products in the market. Gokongwei also provide goods that bas ically needed by the consumer. As his early life as a teen, Gokongwei learned that basic need are the best product that the demand will never cease. Also he offered fresh products that the other company didn't offer. With this strategy invading the growing Asia market is possible.3. Based on Gokongwei words of wisdom, how can the Philippines compete globally?â€Å" I am 81 today. But I do not forget the little boy that I was in the palengke in Cebu. I still believe in family. I still want to make good. I still don’t mind going up against those older and better than me. I still believe hard work will not fail me. And I still believe in people willing to think the same way. Through the years, the market place has expanded: between cities, between countries, between continents. I want to urge you  all here to think bigger. Why serve 86 million when you can sell to four billion Asians? And that’s just to start you off.Because there is still the world beyond Asia. When y ou go back to your offices, think of ways to sell and market your products and services to the world. Create world-class brands. You can if you really tried. I did. As a boy, I sold peanuts from my backyard. Today, I sell snacks to the world. I want to see other Filipinos do the same.† Based on Gokongweis' words of wisdom, to able for the Philippines to compete globally, we Filipino must not be afraid to take the challenge of competing against multinationals compny or bigger competitors. For us not to be aeaten by larger competitors we must make sure we came prepared with great products and great strategies. We ended up changing the rules of the game instead.4. Are there hindrances for the Philippines inability to have it's own global branch? Explain.Yes, there’s always an opportunity everyday passes our lives but ignore them as we don’t like of doing it because of PRIDE and FEAR. it is always printed in our mind that every time we saw something different we alwa ys ignore them as it is not our line of profession or simply saying its against our pride or just fear of doing it. if only we have the same determination and willingness to reach our goal just like Sir Gokongwei, then we are far more successful than any other countries. i knew that this is a life changing story and i hope that we all use it. i myself has a lot to work out specially my ATTITUDE.The attitude of wasting TIME. i have a lot of goals in life but did nothing to get them until time passes by and forgot them. if only i valued my time then i’m sure i would be now a somebody person. but its not yet late. starting immediately, ill make something different for my self. something that i can be proud of someday when my hair became grey†¦ and has a story to tell to my grandchildren. ITS NEVER LATE TO BE A SUCCESSFUL PERSON, just work it out. at the end, it is only you who will reap them all.Don’t mind about the failure, as they say it is always â€Å"trial and error†, and always say it to your self † at least i tried†. but never stop from there. as from failure you will learn the best wisdom in life, and from wisdom can have the best weapon to fight the battle, and through your best  weapon you will have a big chances to win. then you will have a story to tell†¦ who knows you might will become part of the business history.5. Identify Gokongwei's entrepreneurship traits which made him successful.Gokongwei's entrepreneurship traits made him successful are:Self-determinationThis self-made entrepreneur is not afraid to become a second mover. He loves to offer an alternative from the number 1 company offering products and services like in telecommunications (SUN Cellular), real estate (Robinsons Land), and airline (Cebu Pacific). He doesn’t like mixing politics and business. He doesn’t like being very close to government. Because according to him, wealth that’s based purely on politics cannot be su stained. He thinks outside the envelope. Like Henry Sy Sr. and Andrew Tan, John Gokongwei Jr. thinks outside the envelope because he started his businesses from scratch. There’s no baggage and no tradition to follow.6. Make a research on the acquisition of sun cellular by PLDT. Make your comments.PLDT buys majority stake of Sun CellularThe biggest IT story of the day is PLDT’s acquisition of Digitel which operates Sun Celluar, the 3rd largest telco player in the Philippines. PLDT, which owns Smart Comm., becomes a much bigger operator and strengthening it’s number 1 spot in the country. The Philippine Long Distance Telephone company announced today its acquisition of Digital Telecommunications Philippines, Inc. (Digitel) from JG Summit amounting to Php74.1 billion or 51.55% shares in exchange of new PLDT assets worth 2,500 per share. Digitel, which owns Sun Cellular, announced that under the new leadership the paired networks will continue to the expansion of br oadband rollout and other next generation technologies in both fixed and wired services. PLDT says Sun Cellular will remain a separate entity and retain the brand.Smart already surpassed 45 million subscribers in 2010 while Sun Cellular, which has over  16 million subs, was already inching closer to Globe Telecom (26.5 million). Smart’s rapid growth and expansion requires more wider frequency and that might have prompted the Sun Cellular buy-out. At the same time, Sun Cellular has become a large player in terms of post-paid subscribers (even the first one to reach 1 million). Meanwhile, Smart has only around 500k postpaid subscribers while Globe has around 900k. From having 3 large celco players, we now have just 2 — Smart at far #1 and Globe at a minority #2.COMMENT:This strategy that PLDT done is what we called Globalization, since the market for networks are now vast where there are various networks competing with each other,companies now have to buy another netwo rk. To maintain quality and competitive pricing, PLDT have redesigned their organizational structures and strategically buy the competing netwoork such as Sun cellular to lessen the competitors in the industry.

Muslim women today in Islam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Muslim women today in Islam - Research Paper Example Muslim women in the modern age have a unique image which is sometimes full of misconceptions. We see them as the antithesis of modernity due to their cultural practices. Contrary to popular belief, the discrimination of women in many Muslim societies has nothing to do with them being Muslims. The idea that their religion encourages the poor status of these women is in reality an ignorance of their real place in Islam. The underlying philosophy of Islam with respect to women should therefore be delineated from the well-entrenched customs that have no attachment whatsoever from the Quranic principles. The treatment of women in patriarchal Muslim societies is not the true reflection of women in Islam. It is a mistake to misjudge some cultural practices as evidence of their status. These oppressions and injustices under the pretext of religion is nowhere near the ideal treatment they deserve. Women of today have rights in Islam, which although not thoroughly practiced across the globe, reveal their worth. While it is true that women is equally valuable as men, their difference in roles and functions have led others to believe that they differ in status. A woman is expected to obey her father and then eventually her husband, as this is regarded to be the Will of Allah (Pratt, 2005). A certain Quranic verse has led some to believe women’s inferiority: â€Å"Men are qawwamÃ… «n over women bima God faddala ba’d of them over others, and bima they spend of their own money†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (as cited in Mejia, 2007, p.10). This has been interpreted to mean that men as providers are physically and intellectually above women, thus justifying their authority. There is however evidence to the fact that the hierarchy of gender is not Islamic but was a cultural practice from elsewhere that was embraced my Muslims. Although a man and a woman are physically different, they are nonetheless

BUSINESS ENVIROMENT AND SOCIETY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BUSINESS ENVIROMENT AND SOCIETY - Essay Example This will enable students from different parts of the country perceive things in one perspective because language structure somehow establishes how we understand the world (Howson 1979, pg 165-171). A universal language in high schools is described as a tool which improves brain capacity and thinking ability of students. This is due to the factor that most cases it will lead to multi- linguistic aspects because the children will be in the know of their mother tongue and the language which they are taught in secondary school bringing to a total of two languages. Children who are raise bilingual have greater linguistic capacity than those brought up in monolingual way (Gode 1951,pg 20-50) . Some recommendations could be made concerning the entire universal secondary language. This may help to solve this siege which has confused many people making them be at loggerheads for a long period of time. Firstly schools should agree about the usage if common language so that students can be holding discussions ,contests and taking common exams to make education competitive. Secondly, school books should be written in a common language so that all students can access the books in any bookshop or borrow from other schools this will be of great importance. This is because it will ease the education system and ensure that the elites are the cream of intelligence with almost the same linguistic contemporary experience. Furthermore, teachers should be encouraged to attend seminars and workshops so as to be taught on the importance of a common language (Allen & Widdowson 1974,pg

Global Competitive Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Competitive Strategy - Essay Example In order to vie in the competitive global food market, Delhaize adopted competitive marketing strategies in virtually all its business functions. The group has attained the ability to attract and retain qualified organizational personnel for all of its business needs. This provides them with competitive strength over rival firms in the industry to produce and supply quality products at reduced cost. (1). Dynamic growth in regional markets and retail concepts: The group identified the significant growth opportunity in the USA, Belgium, Central and Southern European and South East Asian markets and started building new supermarket stores in these areas. The growth strategy of the group is mainly based on starting new supermarket stores in important business locations in selected areas. The remodeling and enlargement of existing stores are continuously been carried out in order to maintain customer preferences and retain product viability of the stores. (2). Promote innovation and the use of technology: Delhaize Group is considered as the innovator in the food retail market. It is the pioneer of self service supermarket in continental Europe. The Food Lion in the Group introduced everyday low price concept in food retailing business and gets higher level customer acceptance. Adoption of innovative technology in production and marketing renders competitive edge to Delhaize. The Group introduced self scanning system in their super market stores and it facilitates extra convenience to customers and suppliers. Introduction of loyalty cards in the business provides high growth in the business transactions of Delhaize. The loyalty card holders contribute a major share of their total sales revenue. This scheme has proved successful in the market as it motivates the card holders to depend on the supplier for all market needs. Setting up of business- to- business exchange (B2B) system in the business operations is highly beneficial to the g roup to transact its

Tourism, Leisure and Event Management in the World of Soft Systems Term Paper

Tourism, Leisure and Event Management in the World of Soft Systems - Term Paper Example In the second phase you will work with collaborative group of colleagues to bring together your very different views and perspectives, and will need to enter a research cycle in which you shape and refine your mutual understandings, and select a client and project for investigation, supported and approved by your Tutor. You will undertake a ‘mini’ research project leading to the development of a presentation through which you enable your selected client or stakeholders to understand on their own terms ‘that which is obvious’, keeping in mind that the SSM process is about a process through which the client comes to understand for themselves ‘that which is obviouse’. When the client (or other stakeholders) view the work generated by the project, it should be clear to them ‘what needs to be done’. Whilst there is scope for creativity and imagination, the Overall Aim: To analyse, through Systems thinking, a real Hospitality, Tourism and Event environment, evaluate issues arising from the organization of systems and structures, and appreciate the complexities and interrelatedness of real human situations. This includes the development of appropriate tools and the presentation of findings in a way which recognizes the needs of the client, and through the broad application of systems thinking, and soft systems tools and methods. You should draw on learning from other courses, as appropriate, including MVS and OMTL. Task 1 Requirements: Preliminary Workbook (Individual) Weighting 30% For this first part of this study you will need to prepare the ground for assignment to your project group by conducting your own initial desk research enquiry in tandem with your final semester project. Following Soft Systems Methodology you will analyse your experience using the workbook provided (six diagrams), and including a written evaluation (one A4 sheet, 750 words) of issues relevant to the project based on business, location, an d/or online and social media analysis. The workbook may be competed manually or electronically. The grading for each section will reflect: Depth of insight/development, use of systems concepts and conventions, content Deadline TBC , 3:00 PM Student Name: ___________________________________________________ Student Score: / Student grade: / 10 Part A (40 Marks) 1a) Use a Rich Picture to represent the component parts and dynamics of the situation that you perceive as the basis of your final semester research paper. Your diagram must be appropriately labelled and follow the conventions for systems diagrams (20 Marks) 1b) Use any other formal diagram of your choice to represent the component parts and dynamics of the situation that you perceive as the basis of your final semester research paper. Your diagram must be appropriately labeled) and follow the conventions for systems diagrams (20 Marks) 2a) Complete the following grid for five possible (basic) root definitions for a ‘rele vant system’ from which you might ‘derive learning’ about your research context: (pass/fail) What is to be done by the system (P) By what means or approach the system is to do P (Q) The greater purpose to be achieved by the system (R) 1. Provide employment for local citizens

Discuss the role of multinationals in the globalization of innovation Essay

Discuss the role of multinationals in the globalization of innovation - Essay Example They eventually stand as essential driving forces that trigger the need to change and pursue innovation. Globalization of innovation is a very important aspect in today’s global economy. Today, it has become the forefront of the success of every economy as it centers on exploitation of technology and technological collaboration (Archibugi and Iammarino 317; Nam and Barnett 1471). This is evident on how developing countries have positively adopted technological innovation from developed countries (Nam and Barnett 1471). Considering the point that developing countries are not hesitant to adopt technological innovations, they have become involved as the centre point of globalization of innovation. Multinationals therefore have great ideas on the versatility of developing countries to consider their technologies, which in the end has been moving forward to innovation as many key players compete for a global goal. For this reason, as multinationals try to expand, exporting, foreign ownership, outsourcing and community resilience have become crucial considerations of productivity (Zhang and Smith 310; Wilson 1218). In this case, wages for instance have strong link up with productivity, exporting and foreign ownership - the very important issues associated with foreign direct investment. This is the most basic from the start. The international firms would want to invest in production or business overseas for them to expand their territory and avail of some other economic advantages (Gomory and Baumol 540; Sato and Fukushige 62). Let us take the case of those companies trying to invest in China for them to avail of the country’s resources such as the work force and its associated lower cost. There are specific inputs that are necessary in the creation of product or service offerings. They have linked up costs. A company producing products that are too expensive because of the associated cost in the value chain may experience

Civil Procedure analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil Procedure analysis - Essay Example Then the judge playing the role of an umpire listens to both the parties, and gives a fair verdict. This is contrary to the inquisitorial model of dispute resolution and in this case the judge does not ask independent questions (Langbein, 1985). It is up to both the parties to prosecute their complaints and fortifications. There have been some changes in the procedural rules that tend to weaken the judicial evaluation of the qualities of lawsuits. These procedures are used by the attorneys and changed according to what benefits their clients (Molot, 1998). This makes the lawyers a very essential part of the legal system whose responsibility is to make sure that justice is achieved. The civil procedure in the United States is influenced by the positive law however the essential rules of decision taught during the first year in law school are centered more on the common law. The basic difference between the two is in the materials that contain the legal rules. This makes it difficult for a first year student to outrank the common law to the comparatively simpler positive law. The â€Å"knowledge of the statutory law† is considered to be highly important information by those lawyers who are practicing, a little more than the â€Å"knowledge of procedural rules (Blaird, 1978) The civil procedure should have some essential traits, the justice must be provided in less time However, the way that disputes are resolved in the United States does not fulfill the purpose of ‘speedy and inexpensive’ with the number of lawyers involved and a national trend of judicial resolution of things which other societies resolve using political and administrative ways. (Gary, 1997) The outer limits of the civil procedure are defined by the constitutional law. The constitution limits the subject matter of federal court cases, governs the effect that courts of one state must give to the judgments of the other and

Reflection in Two Pictures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflection in Two Pictures - Essay Example It could show his dream to visit the Avant Grade graveyard among other places. From this art work, people need to reflects about their life’s, from where they have come from, how far they have gone, different challenges they have experienced and what awaits them in the future. Peter Beard by Ray Johnson is the second image for reflection in this paper. Johnson, another seasoned artist, creates imaginative works based on what he thinks to reflect on different issues about life. Peter Beard is an exceptional art work, illustrated on board through ink wash and combined with acrylic, collage and pink, it is easy for anyone to know what the image intends to communicate. The image, shows an individual with a single idea on his mind, sees the idea in different dimensions, in this case reflected by use of different colours, and wants to use it to buy his dream car. The image show a frustrated individual, his head full and probably unable to implement the idea. This teaches us to only reflect on a single idea that we can

Persuation paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Persuation - Research Paper Example This further increased to 17.4% by 2005 to 2008. Even, the current year statistics reveal that 1 out of 6 children aged between 2 years to 19 years are obese in the US (American Heart Association, Inc, â€Å"Statistical Fact Sheet 2012 Update†). Owing to the rising issue of obesity, especially amid children, certain health problems such as diabetes, asthma, and cholesterol among others are also increasing (National Institute for Healthcare Management Foundation, â€Å"Reducing Health Disparities among Children: Strategies and Programs for Health Plans†). Obesity can be defined as the health problem in which a person tends to have a greater Body Mass Index (BMI) in comparison to the normal BMI calculated at a particular age and height. Generally, the obesity conditions are mostly observed in American, European and Eastern Mediterranean region. From the socio-economic perspective, it can be stated that proper care for health can assist people to reduce the risk of obesity by a certain extent (Kuipers, â€Å"Focusing on Obesity through a Health Equity Lens†). However, in most instances it has been argued that whether childhood obesity can be avoided completely. Thesis Statement The primary objective of this discussion is to argue on the problem of childhood obesity as a rising health issue in the present global economic situation. The discussion further goes on arguing on the issue that whether childhood obesity can be avoided and thus be determined as avoidable. Discussion Arguments in Favor The rising issue of childhood obesity has certainly made the healthcare institutions worldwide to consider the problem with greater significance owing to the fact that the children facing such healthcare issues in their childhood can further cause various other diseases imposing serious threat to the overall social health. Generally, it has been observed that a majority of children are affected with obesity in comparison to the adults mostly because of th eir ill-habit of consuming fast food. For instance, the children get easily influenced by the fast food advertisements aired in the television which lures them to develop such food habits. It has also been observed that most of the children consume maximum fast food when they are busy in playing video games or watching television (National Institute for Healthcare Management Foundation, â€Å"Reducing Health Disparities among Children: Strategies and Programs for Health Plans†). With reference to the above mentioned circumstances, healthcare units and professionals have been taking possible measures to overcome childhood obesity. According to World Health Organization and other healthcare professionals, childhood obesity can be avoided by the community. In order to avoid childhood obesity, children should take proper care for their health by developing healthy food habit and also by getting involved in certain physical activities such as sports and exercises. Moreover, health care institutions also intend to support families of a new born baby by facilitating with proper information related to the daily plan of feeding and caring procedures (National Institute for Healthcare Management Foundation, â€Å"Reducing Health Disparities among Children: Strategies and Programs for Health Plans†). Education can also serve as an effective way in avoiding the

Immigration to the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Immigration to the United States - Essay Example There have been numerous arguments and ideas put forth, both, by the supporters and critics of immigration to the United States. One of the arguments put forth by those who feel that there need to be restrictions placed on immigrations, is that immigrations dilute the superior composition of the society. They feel that the infusion of heterogeneous groups dilutes the superiority of their countrymen. Earlier, the Americans did not face any problem, doing jobs that were not really meant for the higher strata of the society. However, with the natives of other countries coming in, these jobs have been allocated to them. The Americans, now, have grown increasingly partial in accepting these jobs. This, has, therefore, led to the classification of work. In addition to this, they feel that the immigrants were assets earlier on; and have now transformed into liabilities. It is commonly felt that the immigrant work force is now large and has pushed the Americans out of the work force employed. They also feel that the immigrants are a menace to American ideals. On the other hand, there are th

Walt Disney Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Walt Disney - Assignment Example Steve Jobs who is blessed with an innovative brain is the co-founder of Apple Inc; whereas, the Disney has already gained a good stature among its customers across the globe. Hence, Disney’s repute and Jobs’ technical expertise together would assist the Walt Disney to achieve infinite heights in market. It is known to everyone that Jobs’ relentless effort was the only factor that lifted Pixar and Apple sky-high. If he can bring his innovativeness to this new venture, he will uplift the staid company to a leading laboratory for media convergence (case study, p.269). The success of Jobs’ all ventures can be attributed to his thoughtful strategies and product differentiation. He believes that product/service quality is an essential element for business success. With the creative application of multimedia and computer animation, Jobs could knock out six blockbusters. Similarly, Jobs’ stance at Pixar while competing with Apple was appreciable. Jobs never feared rivals’ products; instead, he deeply concentrated on improving the aesthetic appeal and quality of his products while pursuing his business. Evidently Jobs’ successfully experimented business ideas would contribute to the profitability of the Disney.

Amazon.com - Not Your Average Bookstore Case Study

Amazon.com - Not Your Average Bookstore - Case Study Example Other than customer comments, Amazon websites records numbers of customers, the products they review and pages they visit. After analyzing those records, Amazon recognizes sale/purchase patterns and makes business strategies accordingly. Is Amazon using disruptive or sustaining technology to run its business? A disruptive technology is the one that creates new market and value network. Amazon.com mostly incorporates disruptive technology. For instance; when Amazon website was formed, books purchase constituted a very small fraction of the items for sale but with the launch of Amazon online bookstore, it has redefined book’s market. People visit Amazon websites to read reviews on a book and make decision about purchasing the book. Things didn’t stop there; Amazon launched its book reading application, Kindle. It is an eBook reader and uses e-Ink technology which consumes very small battery power, this way people can take their collection of favorite books anywhere they w ant. Other applications like Amazon S3, Vine and Amazon MP3 all offer new technologies. Interactive interface technology used by Amazon really makes the shopping experience worthwhile. Online Music downloading and online storage application such as S3, all count as disruptive technologies. How is Amazon using personalization to keep its customers loyal? Amazon incorporates personalized recommendations to keep its customers loyal. ... ications like Amazon.com Auctions, zShops (independent third party sellers) and Amazon.com Marketplace (here customers can buy and sell used items), Amazon is offering almost everything to its customers on their fingertips. All of this contributes to increasing customer loyalty. How has Amazon used technology to revamp the bookselling industry? Amazon has completely refurbished the bookselling industry. Amazon bookstore has become a trademark name for book publishers and customers. For instance, Jeffery Bezos, the CEO of Amazon implemented a smart business strategy by making virtual book store accessible from all across the globe. When Bezos first initiated the list of 20 items online, books were a small ticket item on it, but later when Amazon created thousands of virtual book stores, Amazon Bookstore became a house hold name for book purchases. No book store could store 5 million books published each year but Amazon. Technology enabled Amazon to handle such a large amount of data a nd make it available to customers. It won’t be exaggeration saying that eBook concept was popularized by Amazon. Later with the introduction of eBook reader, Kindle; Amazon totally revamped the bookselling industry. Kindle incorporates another technology to download books for its eBook readers through ‘Whispernet’ on a wireless network, ‘Sprint Nextel Network’. Initial offering from Kindle included over 90,000 books, magazines and journals. How can Amazon use mbusiness to increase sales? There is tremendous potential in mbusiness or mcommerce. According to the research firm Strategy Analysts, mcommerce industry was supposed to be exceeding $200bn by 2005 with 350 million customers generating $14bn annually, and this is 2012, it is easy to figure out what potential mbusiness

E-Procurement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E-Procurement - Assignment Example This will lead to a reduction in the cost of procurement. This would lead to less time being used for this process. The manager would have more time to spend on other company business rather than being tied up with immaterial purchases. No orders may be lost because it would result in less paper being used in the process. This system would also help to reduce the number of late deliveries. Qatar Petroleum would computerize its procedures so that there will not have to be too many manual interventions. In this way the company may be able to deal with many suppliers instead of a few. The system could compare prices and determine which is best. The company may also be able to benefit from quantity discounts in this way The procurement system could be so set up that orders are triggered from the inventory system as soon as the re-order level is reached. This system would notify someone that an order needs to be made urgently. Transactions are automatically approved based on business rules and so there is no detailed approval process. The order will be transmitted through a central hub. Everything stage of the process would be done online. An e-procurement system is a must for a company that is seeking to reduce the cost of purchasing. Companies are on an ongoing drive to reduce cost and this is one sure way to do so. Qatar Petroleum can benefit from implementing this

Brain development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brain development - Essay Example Nevertheless, resources for inhibition are constrained in most advancing regions of the world. The confrontation for this century is to endorse community leaders and government officials to take on the prevention of cognitive impairment as the leading priority for the community. This article proposes that specialists in child behavior and development work with agencies branching from of the United Nations to come up with a world cognitive impairment watch. This program should be able to evaluate and help every state yearly in terms of risk aspects, hindrance watches, and premature intercession programs2. b. The pandemic of neurodevelopmental invectives affecting kids and adults surpasses the sum of these issues3. This epidemic is cumulative due to the escalating population numbers, increased existence rates of kids surviving illnesses or circumstances that compromise brain development. c. More kids are surviving illnesses or disorders that interfere with brain development: This guide towards cognitive development of the kids’ brain, making prevention and therapy harder for specialists. e. The number of child behavior and advancement specialists in the United States is diminishing: Kids’ specialists are decreasing and the ratio for therapy decease, making these kids more vulnerable to develop with impaired brain maturity and cognitive mental conditions. The lack of kids’ psychologists and developmental pediatricians brings about petite realization of cognitive illnesses that affect kids in the early years of life. In turn, this induces risks of children growing with underdeveloped brains4. I chose this article because it analyses the causes of cognitive impairment with a special focus on third world states. This way, raising awareness of the dangers children with cognitive brain impairment would be simpler. The world needs to be aware of the risks these kids are growing up with5. This topic identifies any provided society acting as causes or findings

Significance of the Factors of Curriculum Development Essay Example for Free

Significance of the Factors of Curriculum Development Essay In the realms of universal educational system, the term â€Å"Curriculum† is widely used. Teacher’s Mind Resources (2011) elucidated that â€Å"the word curriculum comes from the Latin word meaning ‘a course for racing’.† By the terminology it self, the definition is so broad that its profoundness, if applied to schools, may define myriad things which might relate to, as what almost all teachers nowadays perceive, as contents to be taught to children. Some also think that a curriculum is a â€Å"set of courses for students take in order to reach certain goals in all levels† (wisegeek, 2013). We cannot say that the definition is a fallacy but the meanings are parts and parcel of what the big picture is. Curriculum is a dynamic, ever-changing series of planned learning experiences. It changes in order to enhance all experiences of the students in schools, as what John Dewey suggests regarding the definition of curriculum as such. Here we notice the relevance for a curriculum to be well-developed so that the goals will be attained. It is mentioned above that these goals are at certain levels. These goals may round about from a micro level, which may pertain to the personal achievement of Diplomas of the students themselves, up to gathering relevant statistics of how good is the aptitude of, an instance, Filipinos compared to other nation’s people. Very comprehensive, John Dewey (1916) defined curriculum as all the experiences of the learner inside and outside the school under the guidance of the teacher. In order for a curriculum to be structured properly, there are certain factors to be measured in order to achieve the goals. These are the following: 1. Cultural Values- Ontario Native Literacy Coalition (2001) emphasized how Grundy (1987) defined curriculum and the integration of cultural values. â€Å"Curriculum is not a concept; it is a cultural construction. That is, it is not an abstract concept which has some existence outside and prior to human experience.  Rather, it is a way of organizing a set of human educational practices†. The fundamental teachings of the folks of certain communities which were carried out all throughout the time until now are essential even integrated in the curriculum. This is because these things should be preserved. These cultural values may pertain to as simple as respect, love, peace, equality, and truthfulness. Narrowing down to the values established in a community-based are also included. For Filipinos we have the â€Å"Mano po†, and the utterance of the words â€Å"po† and â€Å"opo†. Curriculum for Liberal Education (2008) explained that the integration of cultural values aims to gain critical and appreciative perspective upon one’s own culture by studying other historical periods and other cultural traditions. Furthermore, Cultural values which should be well-thought-out can be visible or non-visible. These visible cultural values are Rules, Food, Dress, Language, Music, Dance, Means of Livelihood, Political Behavior, Family, Community, Norms and etc We also include non-visible cultural values may incorporate philosophy, beliefs and value system. 2. Knowledge of learner- Oftentimes when we here curriculum, we also associate it with the words â€Å"evaluation† and â€Å"examination† to be administered to the learners to identify their knowledge, skills, values, or as a whole-level of performance. The learner’s intelligence matters in developing curriculum. The general needs assessment is applied to targeted learners. What kind of doctor do we want to educate it depends mostly on social needs but it can reflect job opportunities, financial rewards and attitudes acquired during process of studding. Sometimes it is very difficult to make balance between these several needs. Needs can be obtained on different ways. It can be done through study of errors in practice. It is very difficult to design curriculum which will fully meet the needs of society and students. The existing knowledge of the learners needs to be considered as a requisite for developing a curriculum so that the contents of the structure will  supplement the established knowledge. The shift toward learner-centered pedagogy represents an important step in the quest to develop creative, autonomous learners who can readily adapt to a rapidly changing society. Learner-centered techniques foster creativity and innovative thinking, absolutely essential abilities for today’s workforce. How do wee this effective? There is now the implementation of Program for Decentralized Educational Development (PRODED) Content Based (not on the learner and learning process). Also the implementation of the Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Secondary Education Development Program (SEDP) – addresses the learner and learning process. 3. Knowledge of Teaching-Learning Theories and principles- Very obvious, learning theories and principles serve as pillars to almost all educational structures like curricula, lesson plans, missions and visions of schools, educational philosophies, and anything related to education since these theories and principles are actually and really factual data gathered from serious and logical experimentation done by proponents in the enterprise to improve and redesign education as it moves along the dynamic world. For instance, â€Å"The New Elementary School Curriculum (NESC) and New Secondary Education Curriculum (NSEC) demonstrate ample evidence of the inclusion of behaviorist psychological principles through the use of behavioral objectives, drills, practices, and homeworks reinforces learning† (Pasigui, 2011) 4. Body of Knowledge- â€Å"Curriculum is a body of knowledge-content and/or subjects. Education in this sense, is the process by which these are transmitted or delivered to students by the most effective methods that can be devised† (Blenkin, et al ,1992). Of course, the content is a core factor in developing curriculum. This includes, literally, the courses which the students should take in order to end up achieving the goal.  Where people still equate curriculum with a syllabus they are likely to limit their planning to a consideration of the content or the body of knowledge that they wish to transmit. It is also because this view of curriculum has been adopted that many teachers in primary schools, Kelly (1985) claims, have regarded issues of curriculum as of no concern to them, since they have not regarded their task as being to transmit bodies of knowledge in this manner. References: * Curriculum for Liberal Education. (2008). Area 2: ideas, Cultural Traditions, and Values. Retreived December 14, 2012 from http://www.cle.prov.vt.edu/guides/area2.html * Blenkin, G. M. et al (1992) Change and the Curriculu,, London: Paul Chapman. * Harden, R.M. (2001). AMEE Guide No. 21: Curriculum mapping: a tool for transparent and authentic teaching and learning, Medical Teacher, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 123-137 * Ljuca, F., Lozo, S., Simunovic, V., Bosse, H., Kadmon, M. (n.d.). Chapter 11: Curriculum Development. Retreieved December 14, 2012 from http://www.bhmed-emanual.org/book/export/html/93 * Pasigui, R.E. (2011). THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT (PHILIPPINE CONTEXT). Retrieved December 14, 2012 from http://www.scribd.com/doc/62806653/The-Nature-and-Scope-of-Curriculum-Development * Teacher’s Mind Resources. (2011). What is Curriculum. Retrieved December 14, 2012 from http://www.teachersmind.com/Curriculum.html * Smith, B. 0., Stanley, W. D., Shores, J. H. (1957). Fundamentals of Curriculum Development. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. * Wisegeek. (2013). What is curriculum. Retrieved December 14, 2012 from http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-curriculum.htm Significance of the Factors of Curriculum Development We often here the term â€Å"curriculum† in the field of education as if there is a need for this to be emphasized. This is why most educators need to undergo certain studies in order to fully understand this term and how far this term can go. Basically, a curriculum, if being asked to teachers nowadays, has a probable mean definition of â€Å"sets of subjects to be taught†. Others do also have theirs like â€Å"a plan of activities and lessons to be taught† which can be synonymous to the former one. â€Å"Curriculum is a cultural reproduction in a structured way. It is even more: It should also value independent thinking in the context of the widest sense of social responsibility† (Smith, Stanley Shores, 1957). Not a passà © statement, even foundational, in fact curricula are structured not fixed but dynamic, that is why it is stated â€Å"it is even more†. Developing curricula is not easy. The developers should tear apart the horizon of possibility and see beyond that regarding how can the curriculum best fit the needs of the society in terms of educational innovation to produce quality education to learners. Moreover, Harden (2001) has elaborated on this concept â€Å"a curriculum is a sophisticated blend of educational strategies, course content, learning outcomes, educational experiences, assessment, the educational environment and the individual students’ learning style, personal timetable and the program of work†. Structuring and developing a curriculum is essential to the point that the  government can even intervene in order to provide relevant statistics to the developers regarding current data of the performance of the students in their state to see a match between the needs of the learners and the content of the curriculum. Furthermore, essential factors should be taken into consideration in order to make a good curriculum. These are the following: 1. Cultural Values- This â€Å"means that the education system is based on a First Nation communitys framework of values, priorities and world view, so that the path of educational development chosen to meet a communitys needs is theirs, not what outsiders might choose for them† (Ontario Native Literacy Coalition, 2001). The factor to be considered, very recently became an additional concern, are cultural values. These are values taught in order to attain peace and order in the society or community. Cultural values turned out to be essential since these principles should be conserved most specially these days the world is struggling in chaotic phenomena economically, financially, morally and others. Curriculum for Liberal Education (2008) elucidated that â€Å"as a significant factor in developing curriculum, it looks after the recognition on how the interaction of tradition and innovation nourishes both individuality and community†. In addition, this also includes visible cultural values which are Rules, Food, Dress, Language, Music, Dance, Means of Livelihood, Political Behavior, Family, Community, Norms. We also include non-visible cultural values may incorporate philosophy, beliefs and value system. All of these things can be considered in developing curriculum. 2. Knowledge of learner- â€Å"Curriculum development describes all the ways in which a training or teaching organisation plans and guides learning. This learning can take place in groups or with individual learners. It can take place inside or outside a classroom. It can take place in an institutional setting like a school, college or training centre, or in a village or a field. It is  central to the teaching and learning process† (Rogers and Taylor 1998). The involvement of the knowledge of the learners as factor in developing curriculum bridges the gap between what the students gained and stored in the memory bank regarding knowledge and skills, and what will the contents be in the curriculum. The contents with the knowledge of the learners must be supplementary. In the Philippines, the effectivity of Program for Decentralized Educational Development (PRODED) Content Based (not on the learner and learning process) and the implementation of the Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Secondary Education Development Program (SEDP) – addresses the learner and learning process take into account the consideration of the knowledge of learners. 3. Knowledge of Teaching-Learning Theories and principles- These factors pertain to relevant researches made by known proponents who endeavoured to make the educational system better in order to meet the demands of the dynamic world. These have been applied almost ever since proper schooling emerged. To concretize this, in the Philippines, The New Elementary School Curriculum (NESC) and New Secondary Education Curriculum (NSEC) demonstrate ample evidence of the inclusion of behaviorist psychological principles through the use of behavioral objectives, drills, practices, and homeworks reinforces learning. 4. Body of Knowledge- There is what we call â€Å"four different approaches to curriculum theory and practice† and one of which considerers Curriculum as a body of knowledge to be transmitted. Basically body of knowledge are the inclusion of the contents or the courses to be taken by the students, and to be integrated in the lesson plans of the teachers. â€Å"Many people still equate a curriculum with a syllabus. Syllabus originates from the Greek, and it basically means: a concise statement, the contents of a treatise, the subjects of a series of lectures. In the form  that many of us are familiar with it is connected with courses leading to examinations. Where people still equate curriculum with a syllabus, they are likely to limit their planning to a consideration of the content or the body of knowledge that they wish to transmit† (Mednick, 2006) References: * Curriculum for Liberal Education. (2008). Area 2: ideas, Cultural Traditions, and Values. Retreived December 14, 2012 from http://www.cle.prov.vt.edu/guides/area2.html * Harden, R.M. (2001). AMEE Guide No. 21: Curriculum mapping: a tool for transparent and authentic teaching and learning, Medical Teacher, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 123-137 * Ljuca, F., Lozo, S., Simunovic, V., Bosse, H., Kadmon, M. (n.d.). Chapter 11: Curriculum Development. Retreieved December 14, 2012 from http://www.bhmed-emanual.org/book/export/html/93 * Pasigui, R.E. (2011). THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT (PHILIPPINE CONTEXT). Retrieved December 14, 2012 from http://www.scribd.com/doc/62806653/The-Nature-and-Scope-of-Curriculum-Development * Teacher’s Mind Resources. (2011). What is Curriculum. Retrieved December 14, 2012 from http://www.teachersmind.com/Curriculum.html * Smith, B. 0., Stanley, W. D., Shores, J. H. (1957). Fundamentals of Curriculum Development. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. * Wisegeek. (2013). What is curriculum. Retrieved December 14, 2012 from http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-curriculum.htm